ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

 

Week:                                                                                  Date:                                                    

Period:                                 Duration: 1 HR 20 MIN.                                                 Average age of learners: 16YEARS

Subject:                               CHEMISTRY                                                                        Class: SS TWO

Topic:                                    ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Sub topic:  Reference materials:

(1) ESSENTIAL CHEMISTRY, TONALD PUBLISHERS, I. O ODESINA

(2) NEW SCHOOL CHEMISTRY, AFRICAN FIRST PUBLISHERS, OSEI YAW ABABIO

(3) INTERNET

Instructional materials:

Entry behavior: The students have been taught terminologies of electrolysis

Behavioural objective: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:

i.                     Explain organic chemistry

ii.                   State the characteristic of organic chemistry

iii.                  List the organic reactions

iv.                 State the characteristic of homologous series

v.                   Define isomerism

CONTENT

 

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic chemistry is the study of all compound of carbon except oxides of carbon, trioxocarbonate(iv), metallic carbides and cyano salts.

Catenation is the ability of carbon atom to combine with other carbon atoms to form straight chain, branched chain or ring chain.

STRUCTURE AND VALENCY OF CARBON

 The carbon atom has four electrons in its outer, or valence, shell. This means that every carbon atom can form four, and only four, covalent (electron-pair-sharing) bonds by pairing its four valence electrons with four electrons from other atoms. This includes forming bonds to other carbon atoms, which can form bonds to still other carbon atoms, and so on. Thus, extensive skeleton structures of dozens or hundreds of carbon atoms can be built up.

A carbon atom does not form its four bonds all in the same direction from the nucleus. The bonding electron pairs being all negatively charged tend to repel one another, and they will try to get as far apart as possible. The bonds will therefore stick out in four equally spaced directions. In two dimensions, four equally spaced directions from a point would aim at the four corners of a square. But in three-dimensional space, four equally spaced directions from a point (the carbon atom's nucleus) aim at the four corners of a tetrahedron.

Characteristic of organic compound

i.                     They are mostly covalent

ii.                   They are non-polar (having weak vander waal forces)

iii.                  They are soluble in non- polar solvent

iv.                 Generally insoluble in water except where compound contain hydroxyl group (OH-)

v.                   Has low melting and boiling point

vi.                 They are mostly inflammable and burn exothermically in water

vii.                Comprise almost 90% of all known compounds.

viii.              Mostly built up of only three elements- carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Other elements like halogen, nitrogen as well as phosphorous are also present but to a lesser extent.

ix.                  Possess complex structures and high molecular weights

x.                   Their properties are decided by certain active atom or group of atoms known as the functional group.

xi.                 They are combustible in nature

xii.                Chemical reactions involving organic compounds proceed at slower rates.

Deductions that could be made from the qualitative and quantitative analysis of a given organic compound

i.                     Functional group       ii. number of atoms of different element     iii. Types of element

iv.Types of bonds         v. % composition of the elements in a compound

i.                     Spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

Types of Organic Reactions

There are five main types of organic reactions that can take place. They are as follows:

1.       Substitution reactions    2.  Elimination reactions        3. Addition reactions

4.Radical reactions         5. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

1) Substitution Reactions

 In a substitution reaction, generally, one atom or a group of atoms take place of another atom or a group of atoms which leads to the formation of an altogether new substance..

2) Elimination Reactions

There are certain reactions which involve the elimination and removal of the adjacent atoms. After these multiple bonds are simultaneously formed and there is a release of small molecules as products as a result. One of the examples of a typical elimination reaction is the conversion of ethyl chloride to ethylene.

CH3CH2Cl       →         CH2= CH2      +        HCl

In the above reaction, the eliminated molecule is HCl, which can form out of the combination of  H+ from the carbon atom which is on the left side and Cl– from the carbon atom which is on the right side.

3) Addition Reactions

An addition reaction is simply just the opposite of an elimination reaction. In an addition reaction, the components or molecules of A and B are added to the carbon-carbon multiple bonds and this is called an addition reaction. In the reaction given below when HCl is added to ethylene, it will give us ethylene chloride.

HCl      +     CH2 = CH2       →      CH3CH2Cl

4) Radical Reactions

Most of the organic reactions involve radicals and their movement. Addition of a halogen to a typically saturated hydrocarbon involves free radical mechanism. There are usually three stages involved in a radical reaction which are, initiation, propagation and termination. Initially when the weak bond is broken initiation of the reaction takes place with the formation of free radicals. After that when the halogen is added to the hydrocarbon a radical is produced and finally, it gives alkyl halide.

Importance of Organic Compounds

Organic compounds are important because all living organisms contain carbon.

While carbohydrates, proteins and fats, the basic structures of life, are organic compounds

They are the basic components of many of the cycles that drive the earth. For example, the carbon cycle that includes the exchange of carbon between plants and animals in photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

 Organic compounds combine with metals to form organometallic compounds. These compounds are important industrially. They are used as catalysts, promoters, analysers as well as stabilizers.

TERMINOLOGY IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Homologous series:- is a family of organic compound which follows follow a regular structural pattern in which each successful member differs in its molecular formula by a –CH2- group.

Characteristics of Homologous series

I.                    All members of the series share a general molecular formula

II.                  Each successive members in a series differ in molecular formula by addition of a –CH2

III.                Each successive member differ in relative molecular mass by an increase of 14

IV.                Physical properties change gradually as the number of carbon atom per molecule increases

V.                  All members can be prepared by the same method

A functional group :-is an atom or group of atoms in a molecule that gives the molecule its characteristic chemical properties. Double and triple bonds are also considered as functional groups.

All compounds with the same functional group belong to the same class. Various classes of compounds having some of the common functional groups are listed in the table.

 

 Empirical formula: is the simplest formula of a compound. It indicates the relative number of each kind of atom present in a molecule of a substance.

Molecular formula: it indicate the actual number of each kind of atoms in a molecule of substance.

Structural formula: shows how the atoms are arranged within the molecule of a substance.

Isomerism: is the occurrence of two or more compounds with the same molecular formula, but are not identical because of different spatial arrangement of the component atom

PRESENTATION

Step I: The teacher explains organic chemistry

Step II: The teacher states the characteristics of organic compound

Step III: The teacher explains the types of organic reaction

Step IV: The students chorus the types of organic reaction

Step V: The teacher defines terminologies used in organic chemistry

EVALUATION

The teacher evaluates the lessons by asking the following questions:

i.                     Explain organic chemistry

ii.                   State the characteristic of organic chemistry

iii.                  List the organic reactions

iv.                 State the characteristic of homologous series

v.                   Define isomerism

 ASSIGNMENT

Explain geometry isomerism with relevant examples.

 

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