PHYSICS S.S. ONE (PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER)

THIRD TERM

WEEK: 1

PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER

Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight. It exists in different forms/states of small items called atoms.

ATOM: An atom is the smallest indivisible particle of an element which can take part in chemical change. The two parts of the atom are nucleus and electrons. The nucleus is the heavy portion of the atom located at its centre. It consists of two part neutron and proton.

MOLECULE: A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance which can have a separate existence and still retain the properties of that substance. A molecule may be made up of similar atoms of the same element or different atoms of two or more elements.

OIL DROP EXPERIMENT

Estimation of the size of an oil molecule.

-      A trough is cleaned thoroughly and clean water poured on it.

-      Lycopodium powder is sprinkled on the water surface.

-      Using a burette a drop of oil of known volume is allowed to gently fall on the surface of water.

-      The oil spreads forming a circular film.


The diameter “d” of the patch is measured using a millimeter scale. Several experiments are performed using fresh water and the average diameter “d” of the patch is determined.

Since the patch is cylindrical, the volume of the patch is;

Where h – is the thickness of the oil patch.

           V  = Ï€r2h

               = Ï€( )2h

          V   = Ï€ h

          4V = Ï€d2h

Therefore the thickness of oil drop

            h =

                                                                        Assumptions made in the experiment;

-      The oil spreads to form a film of one molecule thick.

-      The oil patch is cylindrical in shape.

-      There are no air spaces between the molecules.

-      The oil drop is spherical in shape.

-      The volume of the oil drop is equal to the volume of oil patch.

Example;

1.In an oil drop experiment the radius of the oil was found to be 10cm and the volume of the used was  1.1 x 10-5cm3.Calculate;

(i)                  The diameter of the film          (ii) The thickness of the patch                (iii) The size of the molecule

Answer

Diameter of the patch d = 2r= 2 x 10  = 20cm

Thickness of the patch h =

   or Thickness h    =   

                                                        =

                                                        = 3.5 x 10-8cm

The size of the drop = thickness of the patch

                               = 3.5 x 10-8cm

Note: Thickness h   = 

 i.e                  h   =     

2.A student made an oleic acid oil of volume 0.005cm3 to make an oil film on the surface of water.  The average diameter of the oil film was found to be 10cm.Find the thickness of the oil film.

            Thickness h =

 =

 =6.37x10-5m

3.Niah, picked on oleic acid oil drop of diameter 0.5mm using a wire and allowed it to drop on a water surface containing lycopodium powder in a circular patch had an average diameter of 200mm.Find the thickness of oil film.

                               Diameter = 0.5mm

   Volume of spherical drop V = r3

=  (0.25)3

   = 0.0208 mm3

Volume of the patch   = volume of spherical drop

r2h = 0.0208

 (100)2h = 0.0208

                               h=2.08 x 10-6cm

4.   If 1.8 x 10-4cm3 of oil spreads to form a patch of area150cm2.Calculate the thicknesses of the oil patch.

Thickness h =    = 1.8 x

                           =

                           = 1.2 x 10-6cm

 EVIDENCE OF THE MOLECULAR NATURE OF MATTER

I.                    Brownian motion

II.                  Law of definite proportion

III.                Diffusion

IV.                Osmosis

According to kinetic theory matter is made up of small particles known as molecules which are in a state of continuous random motion. The speed of molecule is increased by increase in temperature. The kinetic theory of matter is based on the following:

i.                     Matter is made up of molecule.

ii.                   Molecules are in rapid motion.

iii.                  Molecules experience forces of attraction i.e they are attracted, one to another.

STATES OF MATTER

Everything is made up of matter. The characteristics of matter are:

·         Made up of particles – atoms, molecules or ions

·         Particles are in constant motion

·         Occupies a volume in space

·         Has a mass

·         Matter exerts pressure

Properties of three states of matter

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