PHYSICS S.S ONE (HEAT ENERGY) 1ST TERM

FIRST TERM: WEEK 9

TOPIC: -                                HEAT ENERGY   

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: - Pendulum bob, measuring cylinder and water.     

REFERENCES BOOK: -

1.O. E. FARINDE e tal, Essential physics FOR SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS,  Tonads publishers.

2. M. W. ANYAKOHA (2011), NEW SCHOOL PHYSICS FOR SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS,  Africana first publishers             

3.Olatunbosun K. (2004), CALCULATION IN PHYSICS FOR SSS,

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: - Students have been familiar with hotness and coldness of a body.

OBJECTIVES: -      At the end of the lesson students should be able to: -

1.       Explain the concept of heat and energy.

2.       Differentiate between heat and temperature.

3.       State the effects of heat.

4.      Demonstrate solid expansion.

CONTENT: -

 HEAT ENERGY

CONCEPT OF HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

We have all noticed that when you heat something up, its temperature rises. Often we think that heat and temperature are the same thing. However, this not the case. Heat and temperature are related to each other, but are different concepts.

Heat is the total energy of molecular motion in a substance, while temperature is a measure of the average energy of molecular motion in a substance.

Heat energy depends on  the speed of the particles, the number of the particles (the size or mass), and the type of object. For example, the temperature of a small cup of water might be the same as the temperature of a large bowl of water, but the large bowl of water has more heat because it has more water and thus more total thermal energy.

It is heat that will decrease or increase the temperature. If we add heat, the temperature will become higher. If we remove heat the temperature become lower. Higher temperature means that the molecule are moving, vibrating and rotating with more energy. If the temperature of one is more higher than that of the other, object, there will be transfer of energy from the hotter to the colder object until both objects reach the same temperature. Temperature is not energy, but a measure of it. Heat is energy. So its unit is Joule. Temperature is measured using thermometer.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

HEAT

TEMPERATURE

1. It is a form of energy which causes in us the sensation of hotness or coldness.

It is a measure of hotness or coldness of a body

2. It takes place due to temperature difference

It occurs due to a slight change in the state of a substance

3. it is the change in total internal energy of a body

It is the key point in making heat flow

4. It is measured in joules (J).

It is measure in kelvin (K)

EFFECTS OF HEAT

When heat is applied to a body, there is :

1. Rise in temperature.            2. Expansion           3. Changes of state

4. Brings about chemical action.         5. Changes physical properties.      6. Vapourization

DEMOSTRATIONS OF SOLID EXPANSION
The size of most solids is altered when their temperatures change. Solids EXPAND when heated, and CONTRACT when cooled. This implies that temperature depends on the kinetic energy and movement of molecules. As a substance gets hotter, its molecules vibrate faster and take up more room inside the substance. Thus it expand.
The rate of expansion is different for different substances.
For example an iron bar 1m long will increase in length by about 1mm if heated through a temperature change of 100°C,but brass bar will increase by about 1.5mm over the same range of temperature.

The Following Experiments Demonstrate Expansion In Solids.
1.BALL AND RING EXPERIMENT : The apparatus consist of a metal ring through which a metal ball just fits. When the ball is strongly heated for several minutes it is found that the ball does not pass through the ring, the ring becomes heated and expands while the ball cools and contracts. When ball and ring reach the same temperature the ball will pass through the ring again.
2.STEEL ROD EXPERIMENT : A steel rod is clamped at one end and allowed to roll on a needle near the other end. Attached to the rod is a pointer. When the rod is heated, the pointer is observed to move to the right, showing that the rod is expanding. When the flame is removed and the rod allowed to cool, it is noticed that the pointer returns to its original position, showing that the rod has contracted to its original size.

PRESENTATION

STEP I: The teacher revises the previous topic with the students.

 STEPII: The teacher explains the concept of heat and temperature.

STEP III: The teacher leads the students to differentiate between heat and temperature.

STEP IV: The teacher states effects of heat

STEP V: The teacher explains demonstration of solid expansion.

STEP VI: The teacher allows the students to ask questions

EVALUATION

The teacher evaluates the lessons by asking the following questions:

1.       Explain the concept of heat and energy.

2.       Differentiate between heat and temperature.

3.       State the effects of heat.

4.      Explain ball and ring experiment.

ASSIGNMENT

Explain 3 methods of heat transfer.

  

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